【难点解析】
1、Today I would like to talk to you guys and try to accumulate some more information about cultural differences because I have to do a piece of homework on cultural differences.
今天我想跟大家聊一聊,尽量积累更多有关文化差异方面的知识,因为我要完成一个有关文化差异方面的家庭作业。
accumulate累积,积聚;积攒
They set to work accumulating a huge mass of data.
他们开始累积大量的资料。
Dust had accumulated during her absence.
她不在时灰尘积了起来。
He accumulated a good library.
他积累了丰富的藏书。
辨析:accumulate, assemble, collect和gather
这组词都有“集中,集在一起,聚集”的意思。
accumulate v. 积累,积聚。强调有规则地、逐渐地、不断地积累。
assemble v. 集合,聚集。强调为了共同的目的而成为一个整体,或具有统一的性质。也因此产生“装配”的意思。
collect v. 收集。强调为了研究目的而做的有鉴别,有计划地收集,并指为了爱好而做的有条理的安排,对某些事物进行逐渐的收集。
gather v. 用途较广泛,可用于人、物或无形的抽象事物,如人群的集合、食品、财产、文件、书籍等的收集。强调将分散的东西收集在一起。
2、Here at my school in Brunei, we experience cultural differences all the time because we have some native English teachers.
在文莱,我们在学校里一直能体会到文化差异,因为我们有几位以英语为母语的老师。
experience在句中用作动词,意思是“经历,体验,感受到”。如:
Our country has experienced great changes over the past 50 years.
过去50年里,我们国家经历了巨大的变化。
The city experienced over 2,000 such incidents last year.
去年这座城市发生过二千次以上这类事件。
He experienced a pang of sadness.
他感到一阵悲痛。
做名词时意为“经验,体验;经历,阅历”。如:
She had no experience of life at all.
她毫无生活经验。
Have you had any experience of teaching English?
你有过教英语的经验吗?
Please tell us about your experiences in Africa.
请跟我们谈谈你在非洲的经历。
I had a rather odd experience the other day.
前些天我有过一次相当奇怪的经历。
3、The British teachers didn’t know what he was talking about or what Thanksgiving was held in celebration of.
英国老师不知道他在谈些什么,也不知道为什么要过感恩节。
(1)what he was talking about 和what Thanksgiving was held in celebration of都是由what引导的宾语从句分别做talk about 和in celebration of的宾语。
【典型例题】
I think Father would like to know ________ I’ve been up to so far, so I decided to send him a quick note.
A. which B. why C. what D. how
【题意】我认为父亲想知道目前我在做什么,所以我决定给他发个短信。
【考点】what引导宾语从句。
【简析】know后面跟有一个宾语从句,从句中be up to缺少宾语,所以应该选一个连接代词引导宾语从句,这样B、D是错误的;A项不符合题意,正确答案是C。
(2)in celebration of 庆祝
The party was in celebration of Mother’s silver wedding.
聚会是为了庆祝母亲的银婚。
4、It’s to do with celebrating the first harvest after the settlers from Europe went to live in the USA.
感恩节当初与从欧洲迁居美国大陆的首批移民迁居后庆祝他们的第一个丰收有关。
It’s to do with中的to表示“与……有关,相关联”,如:
do with处理;对待
What are we going to do with the problem?
我们将怎样来处理这个问题呢?
What he has done has nothing to do with us.
他所做的事情与我们无关。
辨析:do with,deal with
deal with在特殊疑问句中常和 how 连用。而do with 常和 what 连用。如:
How do you deal with the drunken man?
What do you do with the drunken man?
你怎么处置这个醉汉?
【典型例题】
It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______.
A. it what to do with B. What to do it with
C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
【简析】本题考查“疑问+不定式”和动词作短语do with的用法。根据本题的句意可以看出,由于know不可以直接跟动词不定式而排除D;“疑问+不定式”结构当然要把疑问词置于前面,从而排除A;what…do with…实际上是一个常用的短语;在短词中what作do的宾语,句中的it作介词with的宾语,故选C。
【答案】C
5、Well, if you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking about!
嗯,如果你早十分钟进入聊天室的话,就知道我们在谈论什么了。
本句为虚拟条件句,表示与过去事实相反的假设,此时,条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“had+过去分词”,主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might + have+过去分词”。如:
If the hurricane had happened at night, there would have been many more deaths.
倘若飓风发生在晚上,那么死亡人数还会多得多。
If I hadn’t taken the wrong bus, I wouldn’t have the contest.
如果我没有乘错车,我就不会不参加竞赛了。
6、Well, it's what we do in the West.
嗯,在西方我们就是这样做的。
what we do in the West为what引导的名词从句,在句中作表语。如:
A camera is what I would most like for my birthday.
照相机是我最想要的生日礼物。
He is not what he used to be.
他已不是从前的他了。
She is no longer what she was five years ago.
她不再是五年前的她了。
7、In the UK, the guests are expected to give presents to the newly-weds,…
在英国,客人通常要送礼物给新婚夫妇……
句中谓语动词为expect somebody to do something的被动结构,意思是“期望某人……,预料某人……”。如:
You will be expected to work on Saturdays.
你星期六要上班。
Once grown, children are expected to provide for their aged parents.
孩子们一旦长大,他们就应该赡养他们上了年纪的老人。
8、So, to clarify, if I got married in the UK, I would expect a present, but if I got married in Italy, I would have to give a present.
让我来说得更清楚一些,如果我是在英国结婚的话,我就会得到一份礼物;但如果我是在意大利结婚的话,我就得给别人送一份礼物。
(1)clarify澄清,说明;弄清楚
He clarified his stand on the issue.
他澄清了他在该问题上的立场。
His explanation clarified the mystery.
他的说明解开了这个谜。
My mind was clarified on this issue.
对这个问题我的头脑变得清楚了。
(2)marry的用法
作及物动词,表示“嫁,娶”,也有“与……结婚”的意思,但只能说marry sb.,而不说marry with sb,即不能跟介词连用。如:
Mary married a Frenchman.
玛丽嫁给了一个法国人。
marry是非延续性动词,不能和一段时间连用,但用be married结构时则可。如:
They have married for ten years.(误)
They have been married for ten years. (正)
他们已经结婚十年了。
作不及物动词时,意思是“结婚”。如:
The scientist didn’t marry until forty.
这个科学家四十岁才结婚。
提示:
①be / get married后可接介词短语to sb。
She was / got married to a doctor.
她嫁给了一位医生。
married在此为表语形容词,表示一种状态。问某人是否结了婚时,应用 Is sb married?
②marry一般用于系表结构:
be married (to sb.) 表示状态,其完成时可以接for+时间段 / since +时间点做状语;
get married (to sb.) 表示动作行为,其完成时不能接for+时间段 / since +时间点做状语。
【典型例题】
My uncle_____ until he was forty-five.
A. married B. didn’t marry C. was not marrying D. would marry
【解析】marry为终止性动作动词,故不能选择C。当终止性动作动词与until连用时,应用其否定形式,“直到……才……”表动作的开始。
【答案】B
句中got married为“get十及物动词的过去分词”结构,这种结构一般用于口语或非正式语体中。
常见的词组还有:get hurt / burnt / caught / lost / broken。如:
Cleaners in this city get paid by the hour.
这个城市的清洁工按小时计酬。
9、If a man participates in a wedding reception in Brunei, he has to sit with the bridegroom and the other men.
在文莱,如果男士参加一个婚礼招待会,他得和新郎以及其他男士坐在一起。
participate in参加,参与
No professionals participated in the contest.
没有职业选手参加这一比赛。
Everyone can participate in this game.
每个人都能参加这游戏。
辨析:participate in, attend, enter, join, take part in
participate in:正式用词,表示参加、参与,强调与他人共同参加某种活动。
attend:正式用词,一般用于指参加会议、出席典礼或招待会等,也可以指上学、听课、听演讲或讲座等。
enter:常用词,可以表示加入、参加某个组织,也可以表示参加比赛,以contest,competition,examination,race等词为宾语,常用于enter into表示参加、开始(讨论)等。
join:常用词,作及物动词时用于加入某个组织(join a club 加入俱乐部),join sb.表示随同某人,与某人一起;作不及物动词时,可表示参加某项活动,后接介词in再加宾语(join in the game参加游戏),若介词in后面不接宾语,则表示参加进来的意思。
take part in:与participate in 基本同义,均指参与某种活动并起作用,常可互换使用。
10、Well, you know in many countries people point with their first finger.
嗯,要知道在很多国家,人们都是伸出食指来指东西的。
first finger意思是“食指”,又称为index finger.
关于五个手指头的趣味英语:
英语和汉语对手指的称呼既有差别又有相似之处。现介绍如下:
(1)thumb: 大拇指。与汉语相映成趣的是,英语的all(fingers and ) thumbs也表示“笨手笨脚”的意思,如:
I'm all fingers and thumbs this morning. I don't seem to be able to button up my shirt.
今天早上我的手怎么这么笨,好像连衬衫都扣不上了。
He was so excited that his fingers were all thumbs and he dropped the teacup.
他激动得手都不好使了,竟把茶杯摔了。
(2)forefinger:又称index finger,即食指。前缀fore-表示“位置靠前的”(placed at the front),所以从排位上说,forefinger应为“第一指”。从功用上看,此手指伸出时有标示或指向的作用。在一些英语工具书中,我们会见到这样的表示“参见”(index)含义的手型符号。
(3)middle finger:中指。此指居中,名正言顺,且与汉语说法也一致。
(4)ring finger:无名指。从世界各地的婚俗习惯来说,结婚戒指(wedding ring)戴在这一手指(通常指左手)之上,表示已婚。
(5)little finger:顾名思义为小指。在美国和苏格兰,人们又赋予它一个爱称,管它叫pinkie(pinky),后缀-ie(-y)有“小巧可爱”之意。
11、It’s quite funny watching the new foreign teachers trying to adjust to doing that.
看新来的外教努力适应这个动作的样子很是滑稽。
adjust v.
(1)整理;安排
She carefully adjusted her clothes and her hair before going out.
她出门之前仔细地整理了衣服和头发。
(2)校准;校正
I must adjust my watch, it’s fast.
我的表快了,我得把它校准。
(3)使适合;适应
adjust (sth./ oneself) to sth. 使(……)适应于……
She must learn to adjust herself to English life.
她必须学会适应英国的生活。
Astronauts in flight must adjust to weightlessness.
宇航员在飞行中得适应失重状态。
辨析:adapt, adjust, conform, accommodate, suit, fit
这些动词均有"使适合,适应"之意。
adapt指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件,强调改变的目的和重要性。
adjust与adapt含义很接近,但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些,侧重过程,主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
conform多指与某模式或规则相符,也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
accommodate 书面用词,指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应,着重改变或调节的有利。
suit 指适合要求,从而使人满意愉快。
fit 含义广,指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
12、After all, learning about cultural differences is a good way to understand more about each other.
了解文化差异毕竟是增进相互理解的一条好途径。
短语after all意思是“毕竟,终究,到底”,它有两个含义。
(1)“要知道……,别忘了……”,用来进一步说明或提醒对方,引出对方似乎忘记了的某个重要论点或理由。表达这层意思时,after all通常放在句首。如:
I think we should let her go on holiday alone. After all,She is seventeen;She is not a child any more.
我认为我们应该让她自己一个人去度假,别忘了她已经17岁,不再是孩子了。
(2)“虽然……,但毕竟……”,表示说话人意思的转折,在表达这层意思时after all一般放在句末。如:
Although they met with Some difficulties, they managed to complete the project after all.
虽然遇到了一些困难,但毕竟他们完成了项目。
辨析:at all, in all, after all, above all
①at all (与否定词连用,加强否定语气)全然(不);根本(不)
②in all (=altogether) 总共;一共
③after all ①句首:强调看法,“须知,毕竟”;②句尾:表语气转折,“尽管,然而”。
④above all 首先;最为重要的是(侧重程度)
例句:
I don’t agree with you at all.
我完全不同意你。
There are about 25,000 Eskimos in all. = There are 25,000 Eskimos altogether.
一共有二万五千个埃斯基摩人。
I thought I was going to fail in the exam, but I passed after all.
我本以为会考试不及格的,但最终却通过了。
Don’t scold him. After all, he’s only a child.
别责备他,毕竟他只是个孩子。
He is strong, brave and, above all, honest.
他强壮,勇敢,最重要的是他诚实。
扩展:
all over 到处 all along 一直;始终
all of a sudden 突然 all at once 突然
all the same 尽管如此,仍…… first of all 首先,首要的是(侧重顺序)
13、I have no idea what he will do with them all and it took up a lot of time.
我不知道他将如何处理这些东西,而且还花费了很多时间。
短语take up在句中意思是“占用(时间)”。此外,该词组还有“拿起;开始从事;占(空间)”等意思。如:
I’m sorry to have taken up so much of your time.
很抱歉,我占用了你那么多时间。
The work took up all his time.
那工作花费了他所有的时间。
They took up their arms and drove away the enemy.
他们拿起武器赶走了敌人。
与take相关的短语:
①take after相似
She takes after her mother.
她长得像她妈妈。
②take for 当作;误认为
We must not take it for granted that the board of the directors will approve of the investment plan.
我们决不可想当然地认为董事会一定会批准这个投资计划的。
③take in收留,收容(某人);包括;囊括;包含
You can also take in some of the notable architectural monuments.
你也可以将一些著名的纪念性建筑包括在参观的项目中。
④take off 脱掉(衣服);(飞机)起飞
I take my hat off to him for the way he arranged the party.
我对他安排社交聚会的方式表示佩服。
The plane took off at three o’clock.
飞机三点钟起飞了。
⑤take on雇用;聘用
⑥take over接任;接管;接收
14、Generally, taboos can include eating certain foods, contact between people and body language.
一般来说,禁忌包括吃一定的食物,人们间的交流以及肢体语言。
generally通常,一般地
I generally ride my bike to school.
我通常骑自行车去学校。
(常用于句首)大体而言,概括说来
Generally speaking, we enjoyed the trip.
总的来说,我们这次旅行很愉快。
generally和speaking连用是独立的分词短语,在句中通常用作插入语,常用逗号与句中其余部分隔开。如:
Generally speaking,women live longer than men.
一般说来,女人比男人长寿。
Generally speaking,she likes music better than painting.
一般说来,她喜欢音乐胜过喜欢绘画。
15、In Thailand and other parts of South-east Asia, the normal greeting is a slight bow with palms pressed together.
在泰国和其他东南亚地区,通常的问候方式是双手合掌并微微鞠躬。
with palms pressed together“with+复合宾语”结构。其中过去分词作宾语补足语。如:
Last night, Jack was so tired that he went to bed with his homework half done.
昨晚杰克太累了,家庭作业做了一半就上床睡觉了。
“with+复合宾语”结构既可用作状语表示方式或伴随动作等,也可用作定语。常见的“with+复合结构”主要有以下几种形式:
①with+宾语+动名词形式
With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble in getting to the station.
由这个男孩带路,我们毫不费力地到达了火车站。
The weather was even colder with the wind blowing.
因为有风,天气更冷了。
②with+宾语+过去分词
The child was crying with the glasses broken.
眼镜破了,那男孩哭了起来。
With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch.
所有的工作都做完了,他们匆忙回家吃饭。
③with+宾语+不定式
With a lot of work to do, we had to be busy working day and night.
有那么多的工作要做,我们只得日夜忙碌。
With many things to deal with, I have to stop listening to the light music.
有许多事情要处理,我只好停止听轻音乐。
④with+宾语+介词短语
The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
老师手里拿着一本书走进教室。
She saw a small river with green grass and red flowers on both sides.
她看到一条小河,两岸长满了红花绿草。
⑤with+宾语+形容词(副词)
Don’t sleep with the door and windows open.
不要开着门窗睡觉。
Tian An Men Square looks even more beautiful with all lights on.
所有的灯都亮着,天安门广场显得更加漂亮。
16、Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others and get upset if people do not look at the cards carefully.
与别人见面时,日本人会鞠躬,甚至送给对方名片。如果对方不仔细看他们的名片,他们就会不愉快。
短语give out在这里的意思是“分发”,该词组还有“放出,发出(声音、光线、气味等)”的意思。如:
Mr. Li began to give out the exam papers as soon as the bell rang.
上课铃一响,李老师就开始分发试卷。
The campfire gives out a lot of heat. It is useful during the winter.
篝火发出很多热量,在冬天很有用。
give out还可作不及物动词词组用,意思是“用尽,筋疲力尽”。如:
After two days of hiking,my strength gave out.
经过两天的徒步旅行,我筋疲力尽。
17、While these different forms of greetings and customs might seem strange to you, remember that what you consider normal probably seems equally strange to others.
虽然在你看来这些问候方式和习俗可能很奇怪,但请记住,你觉得正常的问候方式和习俗在别人看来或许同样奇怪。
while在句中意思是“虽然”,等同于although,引导让步状语从句。如:
While I admit he is sometimes late, he is also a very dedicated student.
虽然我承认他有时会迟到,他还是个很努力的学生。
注意:while, though 都能引导让步状语从句,意思是:虽然,尽管,但要强调对比的意思,用while。
while用作并列连词,表示“但是”、“然而”,含有对比的意义;有时引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,一方面……”,相当于although。如:
While I agree that there are some problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在,但我不同意这些问题不能解决的说法。
While I like the color, I don’t like the shape.
我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
虽然他爱他的学生,可是他对学生们很严格。
though表示“然而”、“但是”,用作副词常置于句末;用作从属连词,则引导状语从句,置于从句之首, 表示“虽然……但是”。如:
Though he was poor, he was happy.
虽然他穷,但很快乐。
18、We offer you the chance to visit different minority cultures and experience for yourself their traditions, customs and way of life.
我们愿意为您提供机会,让您接触不同的少数民族文化,亲身体验他们的传统、风俗和生活方式。
(1)offer表示“(主动)拿给,给予”的意思,相当于give, 后可接名词或代词作宾语,也可接双宾语,即offer sb sth. =offer sth. to sb, 如:
The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus.
那个年轻人在公共汽车上将自己的座位让给了那个老人。
Many people willingly offered their blood.
很多人自愿献血。
No food was offered at the party.
聚会时没有提供食品。
辨析:offer,supply
这两个词都有“提供”的意思,但用法有区别。
从意义上来讲:
offer多表示主动提出给对方某物或主动提出做某事。
supply 则多表示供给对方生活必需品。
从搭配上来讲:
offer后可接:名词或代词;直接宾语和间接宾语;to do。
supply多用于下列结构:supply sth. to /for sb. ; supply sb. with sth.。但当offer表示“提供出售”之意时,它可与supply替换使用。
例如:
He offered me a cup of coffee.
他给我端来一杯咖啡。
He offered to help me.
他表示愿意帮助我。
Cows supply us with milk.
奶牛向我们提供牛奶。
The school supplies books to/for children.
学校向孩子提供书本。
The bookstore offers / supplies all kinds of books.
那家书店出售各种书籍。
He will supply us a color TV set.
他将供应我们一台彩电。
(2)tradition传统,传统思想;惯例,常规;传说
My parents did their best to keep up the family tradition.
我的父母为了保持家庭的传统竭尽全力。
This decision represents a complete break with tradition.
这一决定完全打破了以往的惯例。
According to the old tradition, the first American flag was made by Betsy Ross.
根据传说,第一面美国国旗是贝特西·罗斯缝制的。
custom风俗
The celebration of Christmas is a custom.
庆祝圣诞节是一种风俗。
辨析:habit, custom, tradition
这些名词均含有“习惯,风俗,传统”之意。
habit 侧重于自然养成的,不易去掉的个人习惯。
custom 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
tradition 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式,特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗,侧重历史意义。
19、The Inuit believe in animal spirits.
因纽特人相信动物有灵魂。
短语 believe in意思是“信仰,信奉,相信”。如:
He believes in the old Saying `Never too old to learn.’
他相信“活到老,学到老”的古训。
Christians believe in Jesus.
基督徒信仰耶稣。
We believe in him.
我们信任他。
辨析:believe和believe in
believe用作及物动词,解释为“确信某人”,侧重于“相信某人的所作所为”,believe之后不仅可以跟 somebody,也可跟诸如“one's words/what he said/(it or somebody)to be…”等成分。
believe in作为动词短语,意思是“信仰”“信奉”“相信……的存在”“认为……有益”、“相信……的价值”等。
20、There are many different tribes that belong to the Native American Indian group.
belong to 属于;是……成员。主要用法如下:
(1)此词组不可用于进行时,如:
The car belongs to her.
这车属于她。
不可写为:The car is belonging to her.
(2)不可用于被动语态,其过去分词也不可用作后位定语。如:
Does the tape belong to Mary?
这磁带是玛丽的吗?
不可写为:Is the tape belonged to Mary?
Have you seen the handbag belonging to me?
或:Have you seen the handbag which belongs to me?
你看见了我的手袋了吗?
不可写为:Have you seen the handbag belonged to me?
(3)是……成员(to be a member of an organization)
What party do you belong to?
你是哪一党的党员?
21、There will be a bow and arrow competition, designed to retell how the Plains Indians used to hunt for food.
你会看到射箭比赛,这个比赛的目的是为了重新讲述过去的平原印地安人是如何狩猎的。
hunt
①v. 追猎,猎取,打猎;追寻,寻找;(hunt for) 如:
The men were hunting a wild elephant.
人们正在追猎一头野象。
Millions of people hunt and fish for a living.
数以百万的人靠狩猎、打鱼为生。
I spent the whole summer and fall hunting for a job.
我用了整个夏天和秋天的时间找工作。
②n. 追寻,搜寻。如:
The hunt for Lisa's pet dog lasted two weeks.
莉萨的宠物狗的搜寻持续了两个星期。
a hunt for lost thing搜寻遗失物
扩展:
hunt down搜索;追捕到
The robber was hunted down in the end.
强盗最终被追捕到了。
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