单元要点

    【主要词汇与短语】

    reality, extraordinary, character, interactive, set, upon, enable, pass on, thousands of, be connected to, give out, deliver, final, put forward, thrilled, besides, burn, fantastic, opportunity, impress, exhibit, announce, last but not least, employ, accuse, question, close down, criticize, fade, therefore, voice, opinion, come across, central, nameless, gentle, journey, per, rescue, force, guide

    【交际用语】

    ☆Describing popular science and modern technology

    ☆Describing school environments

语法重点

    英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。动作的执行者，一般由介词 by 引起的短语来表示。

    1．被动语态的形式：由助动词 be+过去分词

    常见的几种被动语态：

    （1）一般现在时：am (is，are)+过去分词

    The programme is finished by the workers．

    规则是由工人们完成的。

    （2）一般过去时：was(were)+过去分词

    These trees were planted last year．

    这些树是去年种的。

    （3）一般将来时：will + be+过去分词

    The project will be finished by 2008.

    这项工程将在2008年前完成。

    （4）现在进行时：am(is，are)+being+过去分词

    The plan is being made at the meeting．

    这个计划正在会上制订。

    （5）过去进行时：was(were)+being+过去分词

    When I went there last year，a new bridge was being built across the river．

    去年我到那儿时，河上正在修一座桥。

    （6）现在完成时：have(has)+been+过去分词

    A new car factory has been started.

    一家新的轿车公司已经开业。

    （7）过去完成时：had + been + 过去分词

    Their homework had been done before I came in.

    在我进屋前，他们的作业已经完成了。

    （8）过去将来时：would + be + 过去分词

    He was disappointed to hear that he would not given a doctor's degree．

    听到他不会获得博士学位，他失望到了极点。

    （9）情态动词：情态动词+be+过去分词

    The problem must be solved soon．

    这个问题必须马上解决。

    2．使用被动语态中要注意的几个问题

    （1）否定词 not 的位置

    副词 not 放在第一个助动词之后。

    His homework has not been finished.

    他的家庭作业还没有完成。

    （2）被动语态中的 by sb. (sth．) 和 with sth．

    在被动句中，表示动作的执行者通常用 by sb. ，而表示用某种材料用 with sth。

    He was killed by an enemy．

    他被敌人杀死。

    He was killed by a stone．

    他被石头砸死了。(可能是由山上滚下来的石头)

    He was killed with a stone．

    他被石头砸死了。(可能是别人用石头砸的)

    （3）不能用被动语态的动词

    ①不及物动词

    ②状态动词

    ③及物动词 leave，enter，reach，suit，benefit，lack, it 等的宾语表示地点、处所或组织名词时。

    ④动词 let 一般不用于被动式。通常用 allow 等意思相同的动词来代替。

    ⑤动词和宾语已组成一个不可分割的成语时，如：keep one's promise，lose heart，make a face 等。

    ⑥在主语是物的句子里，有些动词和主动形式可以表示被动意义。如 sell，read， feel，write，wear，wash，open，clean，cook，keep，cut，fill，blow，measure，lock，run，begin，start，shut 等。

    ⑦连系动词

    （4）宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、动词-ing 形式、抽象名词时，不能改为被动句。

    （5）被动语态与系表结构

    ①两者形式相同，但含义不同。

    The book was written by Lao She．

    这本书是老舍写的。(被动语态)

    The book is well written．

    这本书写得好。(系表结构，表示主语的特点或所处的状态)

    ② get+过去分词是系表结构，不是被动语态。

    带情态动词的被动结构的固定句式为"情态动词 + be + 过去分词"。也有个别带“to”的情态动词例外，如：ought to和have to ，它们的被动结构就只能在不定式中。例如：

    The debt must be paid off before next month.

    那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。

    The debt has to be paid off before next month.

    那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。

    Oil can be turned into energy by burning it.

    油经过燃烧可变为能原。

    You ought to be criticized for your carelessness.

    你由于粗心大意应当受到批评。

    ①be bored with

    I was bored with doing the same thing every day.

    我对每天做同样的事情感到厌倦。

    ②be born in/on

    Tom was born on a rainy day.

    汤姆出生于一个雨天。

    ③be disappointed at/by

    They were disappointed by my absent.

    我的缺席使他们很失望。

    ④be fascinated by

    She was fascinated by the beautiful dress.

    她被这件漂亮的礼服迷住了。

    ⑤be impressed at/by/with

    I was impressed by the child's sincerity.

    我被那个孩子的诚挚感动了。

    ⑦be interested in

    They are interested in swimming.

    他们对游泳感兴趣。

    ⑧be set up by

    The charity was set up by some young men.

    这家慈善机构是一些年轻人建立的。

    ⑨be situated in/on

    My home is situated in downtown.

    我家位于市区。

    ⑩be surprised at/by

    I was surprised by a knock at the door.

    我听见敲门声吃了一惊。

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