【语法重点】

过去分词

    过去分词可以在句中起形容词或副词的作用，但保留动词的特征。及物动词的过去分词表被动动作，不及物动词的过去分词表完成的动作，如：fallen leaves 落叶，the polluted water 被污染了的水。

    过去分词的语法功能：

    ①作定语：单个过去分词作定语放于被修饰词之前，过去分词短语作定语放于被修饰词之后。如：

    A broken cup is lying on the ground.

    地上有一个破的杯子。

    This is the lab built in 1990.

    这是1990年建的实验室。

    The canned food has gone bad.

    这个罐装食品已经变质了。

    ②作表语：说明主语所处的状态。如：

    We were deeply moved.

    我们深受感动。

    She felt rather disappointed at his failure.

    他的失败令她感到非常失望。

    We are determined to complete the work in time.

    我们决心按时完成工作。

    ③作状语：与句子主语为动宾关系，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。如：

    Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.

    从山上看，公园看上去很美丽。

    The scientist entered the room, followed by some young men.

    这位科学家进了房间，后面跟着一些年青人。

    ④作宾语补足语，与宾语为动宾关系。如：

    I didn’t know you had your hair cut.

    我不知道你理了发。

    We should make it known to the public.

    我们应当让公众知道这件事。

过去分词短语

    过去分词短语作状语修饰整个句子，其作用相当于状语从句。表示时间、原因、条件、让步和伴随等情况。

    ①表原因

    Frightened by what he saw, he couldn’t say a word.

    = Because he was frightened by what he saw, he couldn’t say a word.

    = He was frightened by what he saw, so he couldn’t say a word.

    由于他所看到的情况使他很恐惧,一句话也说不出来。

    Seen by the teacher, he had to stop. =Because he was seen by the teacher, he had to stop.

    被老师看见了，他只好停下来。

    Badly hurt, Mary was given a lot of money.

    = Because she was badly hurt, Mary was given a lot of money.

    由于严重致伤,玛丽被支付了一大笔钱。

    Noticed by the teacher, Kate rose from her chair.

    = As she was noticed by the teacher, Kate rose from her chair.

    由于被老师发现，凯特从椅子上站了起来。

    当我们使用分词作状语时,要特别注意句子的逻辑主语与分词的关系.若动作是主语承受的，分词与主语的逻辑关系为动宾关系时，应使用过去分词表被动。(相反，若动作是由主语发出的，分词与主语的关系为主谓关系，则使用现在分词表主动。)

    ②表时间

    Heated, water can be changed vapor.

    = When it is heated, water can be changed into vapor.

    水加热就可以变成蒸汽。

    Brushed twice, his teeth became white and clean.

    =When they were brushed twice, his teeth became white and clean.

    刷了两遍之后,他的牙齿变的又白又干净。

    ③表条件

    Given more time and more money, we could have finished the work.

    = If we had been given more time and more money, we could have finished the work.

    如果当时给我们提供更多的时间和财力,我们就能够完成这项工作。

    Seen from the church tower, the park looks more beautiful.

    = If it is seen from the church tower, the park looks more beautiful.

    站在教堂塔顶上，这座公园看上去更漂亮了。

    这里seen的逻辑宾语是the park，也就是说，the park是动词seen的接受者。

    Judged from its fur, it was clearly a polar bear.

    = If it is judged from its fur, it was clearly a polar bear.

    (如果)从它的毛皮判断，这显然是头北极熊。

    ④表伴随

    The professor came into the classroom, followed by his students.

    = The professor came into the classroom, and he was followed by his students.

    教授走进了教室,学生跟在身后。

    The so–called singing stars came out of the hall, laughed by the audience.

    这些所谓的歌手们走出大厅，受到了观众们的嘲笑。

现在分词和过去分词的区别

    分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，分为现在分词和过去分词两种。主要起形容词和副词的作用。在中学英语中，分词是学生难以掌握的一个语法项目，现在就其形式和用法分别简述如下：

    一、形式上的不同：

    现在分词由动词原形加词尾－ing构成，有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有主动语态和被动语态。

    1、现在分词的主动语态：分为一般式（doing）和（having done）两种，现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时进行，而完成式所表示的动作则在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。如：

    He hurried home，looking behind from time to time as he went .

    他匆匆忙忙地回家，边走还不停的回头。

    Having finished his homework, he went to bed.

    完成作业后他就睡觉了。

    2、现在分词的被动语态：也分为一般式（being done）和完成式（having been done）两种。一般式表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行。完成式表示一个被动动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。如：

    The large building being built will be a department store.

    这座正在建设的大楼将成为一个商店。

    Having been shown around the factory, they returned to school.

    他们被带领着参观了工厂后就返回学习了。

    过去分词是由动词词尾＋ed或不规则动词的分词构成，它只有一种形式，一般表示完成的和被动的动作。如：

    The retired workers, the boiled water, the fallen leaves.

    二、语态上不同：现在分词表示主动，而及物动词的过去分词则表示被动。如：

    I heard her singing next door.

    我听到她在隔壁唱歌。

    He had his bike repaired.

    他把他的自行车修了。

    三、动作在进行中或已完成的不同：现在分词表示动作正在进行，而过去分词则表示动作已经完成。如：

    The teacher giving us the talk is from Beijing University.

    这个给我们做讲座的老师是来自北京大学的。

    The broken pen is Li Ming’s.

    这个坏的钢笔是李明的。

    四、用法上不同：从用法来讲，现在分词和过去分词在句子中担任的成分虽然大体相同，但两者之间也存在着差别：

    1、作定语：

    现在分词作定语，分词所表示动作发生的时间有两种。

    1）表示正在进行的动作，变为从句需要用进行时态。如：

    Tom lit a fire and from it took a burning stick.＝Tom lit a fire and from it took a stick which was burning.

    汤姆点了火，从中拿出了一根正在燃烧的木棍。

    2）表示经常性动作或现在的状态，变为从句时用一般时态。如：

    The house standing (=that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1982.

    过去分词或过去分词短语作定语表示动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：

    Is this the book recommended by our teacher?

    这是我们老师推荐的书吗？

    He is a student loved by all.

    他是个受所有人喜爱的学生。

    2、作表语：现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，而过去分词则表示主语所处的状态。如：

    The film is quite moving.

    这个电影相当感人。

    The door is locked.

    门锁了。

    3、作宾补：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，可代这种复合宾语的动词有see, hear, watch, observe, feel, have, let, find, keep, get, notice等。现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示被动。如：

    He has the light burning.

    他把蜡烛点着了。

    4、作状语：现在分词作状语，通常都表示主语正在进行另一动作是对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬。而过去分词作状语是用来说明动作发生的背景或情况，如：

    He sat there talking and laughing.

    他坐在那又说又唱。

    The teacher came out, followed by a group of students.

    老师后面跟着一群学生出来了。

    注：现在分词作状语：①分词表示的必须是主语的一动作；②分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；③分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示动作或状态加以说明。

    更进一步说，分词短语有时可用作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句。如：

    Being blind (As they were blind), they could not see an elephant.

    由于眼睛瞎，他们看不见大象。

    He soon fell asleep exhausted (as he was exhausted) by the journey.

    由于路途疲惫他很快就睡着了。

    现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语，一般式相当于when引起的从句。如：

    Seeing those pictures (=When he saw those pictures) he couldn’t help thinking of his mother.

    看到那些照片，他禁不住想起了他的母亲。

    Having finished their work (After they had finished their work), they began to have a rest.

    完成工作后，他们就休息了。

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